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A History of Cloning
1952 Robert Briggs, a scientist at the Institute of Cancer Research in Philadelphia, and Thomas J. King of New York University clone tadpoles from frog embryo cells. 27 tadpoles are produced from 197 nuclear transfers.
1962 John Gurdon of Oxford University clones sexually mature frogs from the intestinal cells of adult frogs, with a 2% success rate.
1977 German embryologist Karl Illmensee of the University of Geneva and Peter Hoppe claim to have produced three cloned mice, using cells from early mouse embryos. They allegedly are the first mammals to be cloned using nuclear transfer. In 1983, Illmensee is accused of fraud and loses his grant. In 1984, Davor Solter of the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia claims, after experimentation, that the cloning of mammals is biologically impossible.
1984 Steen Willadsen clones a sheep from early embryo cells. He also mixes embryonic genes of different species producing sheep-goats and sheep-cows. His experiment is later replicated in other animals.
1995 Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell produced the world's first cloned lambs. Wilmut takes the nucleus from the cells of a developing embryo and implants them into unfertilized egg cells. They produced identical lambs called Megan and Morag who originated from different cells of the same embryo. Morag is now stuffed and on display at the Royal Museum in Edinburgh, Scotland.
July, 1996 Roslin Institute, in collaboration with PPL Therapeutics, create the first mammal, Dolly, derived from cells from an adult ewe. On April 13th, 1998, Dolly gives birth to a lamb named Bonnie. She also has triplets in March, 1999 -- a male and two females -- and two more lambs in March, 2000.
July, 1997 Polly is cloned, producing the first transgenic lamb by nuclear transfer. Transgenic is having chromosomes into which one or more heterologous (derived from different species) genes have been incorporated, either artificially or naturally. ABS Global Inc. clones Gene, a bull-calf, using fetal cells.
March, 1998 A research team at the University of Massachusetts in Worcester, headed by James Robl and working with Advanced Cell Technology (ACT), clone two genetically engineered male calves, named George and Charlie. They are the first cattle cloned from adult body tissue using nuclear transfer technology. The tissue had been genetically engineered, making the calves both cloned and transgenic. In July, 50 mice are the first reproducible clones of a mammal, repeatedly cloned from adult cells. The University of Hawaii clones 50 identical mice in a similar process that cloned Dolly, confirming that Dolly is, in fact, a clone.
2000 Five piglets are cloned through nuclear transfer with adult cells by PPL Therapeutics. They are born in the United States March 5. This is considered a major breakthrough, advancing the creation of modified pigs whose organs could be used as transplant organs for humans. The first primate, a monkey named Tetra, is cloned by the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center through embryo splitting, another, more primitive type of cloning. Tetra is the first primate to be cloned.
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Related links
www.geneletter.com/archives/historyofcloning.html
www.dartmouth.edu/artsci/courses/coco25/Cloning/The--History--of--Cloning.html
http://www.agbiotechnet.com/
Other sources: Scientific research papers and books, Science magazine, The World Book
- GLOBE STAFF GRAPHIC
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